Low-Pass Second-Order Single-bit Delta-Sigma Modulator for Biosensors
Keywords:
Delta-sigma modulator, Analog-to-digital converter, Switched-Capacitor, Operational amplifier, IntegratorAbstract
This paper presents design of a low-pass second-order single-bit Switched-Capacitor (SC) delta-sigma modulator; analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for cascading of integrators with distributed feedforward (CIFF) structure for biosensor applications. The signal transfer function (STF) and the noise transfer function (NTF) of the loop filter of delta-sigma modulator is expressed in terms of poles and zeroes on the unit circle in the z-domain. The NTF zero optimization technique is also implemented to reduce further in-band quantization noise by shaping in-band quantization noise at high frequency. Operational amplifier (op-amp) of the front-end integrator is optimized for minimum power consumption by considering low finite DC-gain, limited slew-rate, minimum required gain-bandwidth product (GBW). The modulator simulations are performed and discussed. Non-ideal effect of the proposed complete CIFF modulator structure for SC circuit level implementation is performed and parameters like thermal noise, op-amp noise, and switch non-linearity is included in the model and results are provided. The op-amp white noise for the front-end integrator is also simulated for different values, including the thermal noise and sampling switch non-linearity. Modeling and simulation result for a CIFF structure with single-bit quantizer, shows that proposed modulator structure can achieve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 89dB for a biosensor system with signal bandwidth of 2kHz having over-sampling ratio (OSR) of 128.
References
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[30] S. Brigati, The SDToolbox Available online at http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/2460-sd-toolbox on 15thAugust 2017.
[2] D. Ganopadhyay, E. G. Allstot, A. M. R. Dixon, K. Natarajan, S. Gupta and D. J. Allstot, Compressed Sensing Analog Front-End for Bio-Sensor Applications, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 49, pp. 426-438, February 2014.
[3] J. Goes, N. Paulino, H. Pinto, R. Monteiro, B. Vaz and A. S. Garcao, 2005. Low-Power Low-Voltage CMOS A/D Sigma-Delta Modulator for Bio-Potential Signals Driven by a Single-Phase Scheme, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-I, Vol. 53, pp. 2595-2604. December 2005.
[4] S.-C.Liu, K.-T. Tang, A Low-Power Sigma-Delta Modulator for Bio-potential Signals, IEEE/NIH life Science Systems and Applications Workshop, pp. 24-27, April 2011.
[5] Y.Chae, I. Lee and G. Han, A 0.7V 36uW 85dB-DR Audio Sigma-Delta Modulator Using Class-C Inverter, IEEE International Solid-State Circuit Conference, pp. 490-630, February 2008.
[6] A. Perez, E. Bonizzoni, and F. Maloberti, A 84dB SNDR 100 kHz Bandwidth Low-Power Single Op-Amp Third Order Sigma-Delta Modulator Consuming 140?W, IEEE International Solid-State Circuit Conference, pp. 478-479. February 2011.
[7] F. Michel and M. Steyaert, A 250mV 7.5uW 61dB SNDR CMOS SC Modulator Using a Near-Threshold-Voltage-Biased CMOS Inverter Technique, IEEE International solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 476-478, February 2011.
[8] M. Huang and S. Liu, A Fully Differential Comparator—Based Switched-Capacitor ?? Modulator, IEEE transactions on circuit and systems-II, Vol. 56, pp. 369-373, May 2009.
[9] J. K. Fiorenza, T. Sepke, P. Holloway, C. G. Sodini and H. Lee Comparator-Based Switched-Capacitor Circuits for Scaled CMOS Technologies, IEEE Journal of . solid-state circuits, Vol. 41, pp. 2658-2668, December 2006.
[10] J. Sauerbrey, T. Tille, D. Schmitt-Landsiedel, R. Thewes, A 0.7-V MOSFET-Only Switched-Opamp ?? Modulator in Standard Digital CMOS Technology, IEEE Journal of solid-state circuits, Vol. 37(12), pp. 1662-1669, December 2002.
[11] R. Yousry, E. Hegazi, H. F. Ragai., A Third-Order 9-Bit 10-MHz CMOS ?? Modulator With One Active Stage, IEEE Transactions on Circuit and Syst-I, Vol. 55, pp.2469-2482, March 2008.
[12] F. Chen, S. Ramaswamy, B. Bakkaloglu, A 1.5V 1mA 80dB Passive ?? ADC in 0.13um Digital CMOS Process, IEEE International Solid-State Circuit Conference, February 2003.
[13] Z. Yang, L. Yao, Y. Lian, A 0.5-V 35-uW 85-dB DR Double-Sampled ?? Modulator for Audio Applications, IEEE Journal of solid-state circuits, Vol. 47, pp. 722-7352, February 2012.
[14] A. Nilchi, D.A.Johns, A Low-Power Delta-Sigma Modulator Using a Charge-Pump Integrator, IEEE Transactions on circuit and systems-I, Vol. 60, pp. 1310-1321, May 2013.
[15] B. H. Syed hossein Zadeh and A. Nabavi, A MOS Parametric Integrator With Improved Linearity for SC ?? Modulators, IEEE transactions on circuits and systems-II, Vol. 62, pp. 231-235, March 2015.
[16] J. Garcia, S. Rodriguez, A. Rusu, A Low-Power CT Incremental 3rd Order ?? ADC for Biosensor Applications, IEEE Journal of solid-state circuits, Vol. 60, pp. 25-36, September 2013.
[17] G. Bindini, A.S. Brogna, C. Garbossa, L. Colombibi, M. Bacci, S. Chicca, F. Bigongiari, N.C. Guerrini, G. Ferri, “An ultralow-power switched op-amp-based 10-B integrated ADC for implantable biomedical applications,” IEEE Transaction on circuits and systems-I., Vol. 51(1), pp. 174-178, April 2004.
[18] J. Goes, N. Paulino, H. Pinto, R. Monteiro, B. Vaz, A.S. Garcao, Low-power low-voltage CMOS A/D Sigma-Delta Modulator for bio-potential signal driven by a single-phase scheme, IEEE transactions on circuits and systems-I. Vol. 52(12), pp. 2595-2604, December 2005.
[19] Z. Lu, Y. Hu, M. Sawan, A 900mV 66?W Sigma-Delta Modulator dedicated to implantable Sensors, IEICE Transactions on information and System, Vol. E88D(7), pp. 1610-1617, July 2005.
[20] A. Agah, K. Vleugels, P.B. Griffin, M. Ronaghi, J.D. Plummer, B. A. Wooley, A high-resolution low-power incremental ?? ADC with extended range for biosensors arrays, IEEE Journal of solid-state circuits, Vol. 45(6), pp. 1099-1110, June 2010.
[21] C. Hsu, H. Lee, C. Luo, A Low-Power MASH Sigma-Delta Modulator with Digital Canceling Circuit for Biomedical Applications, Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, Vol. 27(2), pp. 91-96, March 2007.
[22] D. Gangopadhyay, E. G. Alltot, A. M. R. Dixon, K. Natarajan, S. Gupta, D. J. Allstot, Compressed Sensing Analog Front-End for Bio-Sensor Applications, IEEE Journal of . Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 49(2), pp. 426-438, February 2014.
[23] C. HSU, T. C. YO, C. LUO, An Ultra-Low Power Variable-Resolution Sigma-Delta Modulator for Signals Acquisition of Biomedical Instrument, IEICE Transactions on ELECTRON, Vol. E90 (9), pp. 1823-1829, September 2007.
[24] H. Y. Yang, R. Sarpeshkar, A Bio-Inspired Ultra-Energy-Efficient Analog-to-Digital Converter for Biomedical Applications, IEEE trans circuits and systems-I, Vol. 53(11), pp. 2349-2356, November 2006.
[25] S.R. Norsworthy, R. Scherier, G.C.Temes. Delta-Sigma Data Converter: Theory Design and Simulation, IEEE Press, 1997.
[26] R. Schreier and G. C. Temes, Understanding Delta-Sigma Modulator Data Converter, Wiley, 2005
[27] F. Maloberti. 2007. Data Converter, Springer.
[28] R. Scherier, The Delta-Sigma Toolbox Version 7.4 Available online at http://www.mathworks.com/matlancentral/fileexchange/19-delta-sigma-toolbox on 15th August 2017.
[29] P. Malcovati, S. Brigati, F. Francesconi, F. Maloberti, P. Cusinatio, A. Baschirotto. Behavioral Modeling of Switched-Capacitor Sigma-delta Modulator, IEEE transactions on circuits and systems-1, Vol. 50(3), pp. 352-364. July 2003.
[30] S. Brigati, The SDToolbox Available online at http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/2460-sd-toolbox on 15thAugust 2017.
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Published
2017-11-08
How to Cite
Dr. Arshad Hussain. (2017). Low-Pass Second-Order Single-bit Delta-Sigma Modulator for Biosensors . University of Wah Journal of Science and Technology (UWJST), 1(1), 8–14. Retrieved from https://uwjst.org.pk/index.php/uwjst/article/view/4
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